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A phobia is an excessive fear of a certain object or situation. It's a fear that lasts for at least 6 months. It is a type of anxiety disorder. Here's what you need to know.

Pulse oximetry is a test used to measure the oxygen level (oxygen saturation) of the blood. It is an easy, painless measure of how well oxygen is being sent to parts of your body furthest from your heart, such as the arms and legs.

Pleural biopsy is a procedure to remove a tissue sample from the pleura, the membrane that surrounds the lungs.

A craniotomy is the surgical removal of part of the bone from the skull to expose the brain for surgery. Read on to learn what to expect before, during, and after this procedure.

A pacemaker is a small electronic device that helps regulate slow electrical problems in the heart. The pacemaker is usually implanted in the chest, below the collarbone. Read on to learn more.

A mastectomy is surgery to remove a breast. It is part of treatment for breast cancer. Here's what you need to know about this procedure.

A pelvic ultrasound is a scan that looks at the organs and structures in your pelvic area. Read on to learn details about what to expect before, during, and after this scan.

When your knee is badly damaged by disease or injury, a knee replacement may be considered. During knee replacement surgery, your joint surfaces are replaced by prostheses. These are plastic and metal parts that are used to replace your joint surfaces. Read on to learn more.

Hip replacement (total hip arthroplasty) is surgery to replace a worn out or damaged hip joint. The surgeon replaces the old joint with an artificial joint (prosthesis). This surgery may be a choice after a hip fracture or for severe pain because of arthritis.