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Retrograde cystography is an imaging test that uses X-rays with contrast dye so the radiologist can see your organ or tissues more clearly. Learn more about this test, including what to expect before, during, and after the test.

This type of X-ray may be done to check the stomach for causes of stomach pain. It may also be done to check the organs and structures of the urinary or GI system. The X-ray may be the first diagnostic procedure used to check the urinary system.

Cystoscopy is a procedure that lets the doctor view the urinary tract, particularly the bladder, the urethra, and the openings to the ureters. Cystoscopy can help find problems with the urinary tract. This may include early signs of cancer, infection, narrowing, blockage, or bleeding.

A biopsy is a test done to remove a tissue sample from the body so it can be examined. A lung biopsy is a test to take a small piece of a lung.

Heart valve repair or replacement surgery is a treatment choice for valvular heart disease. Learn what to expect before, during, and after this surgery.

Uterine artery embolization is a procedure to get rid of noncancerous tumors in the uterus (uterine fibroids). It doesn't use major surgery, so you may recover faster. You also may not need to stay in the hospital.

A craniotomy is the surgical removal of part of the bone from the skull to expose the brain for surgery. Read on to learn what to expect before, during, and after this procedure.

When your knee is badly damaged by disease or injury, a knee replacement may be considered. During knee replacement surgery, your joint surfaces are replaced by prostheses. These are plastic and metal parts that are used to replace your joint surfaces. Read on to learn more.

Hip replacement (total hip arthroplasty) is surgery to replace a worn out or damaged hip joint. The surgeon replaces the old joint with an artificial joint (prosthesis). This surgery may be a choice after a hip fracture or for severe pain because of arthritis.