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Biliary atresia is a rare liver disease that occurs in infants. It is often found shortly after birth. The disorder affects tubes in the liver called bile ducts. If not treated with surgery, it can be fatal.

Dysphagia means trouble swallowing. This condition happens when food or liquids can’t pass easily from your child’s mouth, into the throat, down the esophagus, and into the stomach when swallowing.

Encopresis is when your child leaks stool into their underwear. It is also called stool soiling. It is most often because of long-term (chronic) constipation. Encopresis happens to children ages 4 and older who have already been toilet trained.

H. pylori (Helicobacter pylori) is a spiral-shaped bacteria that infects the stomach. It can damage the tissue in your child’s stomach and the first part of the small intestine. This can cause redness and swelling. It may also cause painful sores, called peptic ulcers, in the upper digestive tract.

The main parts of the ear are the outer ear, the eardrum (tympanic membrane), the middle ear, and the inner ear.

Obstructive sleep apnea is a condition that causes a child to briefly stop breathing while sleeping. It happens because of a blockage in the upper airway. The pause in breathing may occur many times in a night, disrupting the child’s sleep.

A helpful guide to the nose, the sinuses, and the throat.

Endoscopic sinus surgery is a procedure to open the passages of the nose and sinuses. It is done to treat long-term (chronic) sinus infections. An ear, nose, and throat specialist (ENT) does the surgery.

Detailed information on the different types of chromosome abnormality