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Mastectomy is surgery to remove a breast. It’s most often done to treat breast cancer, or to keep cancer from spreading. After a mastectomy, reconstruction can be done to rebuild the breast shape and restore its appearance.

Estrogen is one of the female hormones. Sometimes breast cancer cells use estrogen to grow and multiply. Hormone therapy is a way to reduce the action of estrogen on these cells.

Prostate cancer cells need androgens to grow. Reducing the amount of androgens in the body or blocking prostate cancer cells from using them can help treat prostate cancer. This therapy doesn't cure the cancer, but it can help control it. It may be used alone. Or it may be used with radiation therapy to help make this treatment more effective.

This test is mainly used to diagnose prostate cancer and see if it has spread. It may also be used to help with a biopsy of prostate tissue.

A pneumothorax is an air leak in the lungs. This is a rare condition that most often occurs in the first 24 to 36 hours after birth.

Cancer of the vagina is rare. Certain factors thought to raise the risk for this type of cancer include advancing age, history of cervical cancer, and infection with the human papillomavirus.

If you're deciding on treatment for vulvar cancer, here are some questions to ask your health care provider.

Malaria is caused by a parasite. It's passed to humans by the bite of an infected Anopheles mosquito.

A clinical trial is a research study that's done to test a new type of prevention or treatment. Being part of a clinical trial means you may benefit from a treatment that is not yet available to anyone else.