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A chondroblastoma is a rare type of noncancerous bone tumor that begins in cartilage. This is the specialized, gristly connective tissue from which most bones develop. It plays an important role in the growth process. There are many different types of cartilage in the body. Chondroblastoma most often affects the ends of the long bones, near the growth plate, in the arms at the shoulder, and in the legs at the hip and knee. It is also called Codman’s tumor.

Vasectomy is surgery a man may choose if he doesn't want to father any more children. It is permanent male birth control.

Corneal ring implantation is a surgery to put in a small ring of plastic into the cornea. It is done to fix an eyesight problem and let you see more clearly.

Birth defects may be caused by inherited (genetic) problems or by environmental things, such as exposure to certain toxic substances during pregnancy. Some birth defects can be linked to a direct cause. Other reasons are not as clear.

Over time, diabetes can damage the nerves that control the bladder. In both men and women, this can lead to an overactive bladder.

A micropenis is a penis that is smaller than normal. A penis length of less than 0.75 inches is considered micropenis.

End tidal carbon dioxide (ETCO2) monitoring is a painless, noninvasive way to assess your breathing.

A HIDA scan is also called a hepatobiliary scintigraphy. It's a test that checks the function of your child’s liver, gallbladder, and bile ducts (tubes inside and outside the liver). It can show where bile is blocked or leaking.

Robotic pyeloplasty is a surgery that is done to fix a blockage (obstruction) where the kidney connects to the ureter.